Mitochondria act as sensors for essential iron molecule, study reveals

Heme, a bioactive form of iron, is crucial for numerous functions in cells, including oxygen transport. However, it can be toxic when present in high concentrations. Cells must carefully regulate heme levels. A team of researchers led by Professor Lucas Jae from LMU's Gene Center Munich has discovered that mitochondria play a crucial role in monitoring heme levels.

Mitochondria, which have been around for over 700 million years, detect heme deficiency by releasing a protein called DELE1 into the cytosol. This triggers a process that reduces protein production, preventing toxic excess of heme-binding proteins. This heme-sensing pathway operates across human tissues and is evolutionarily conserved.

The system is particularly important in red blood cell development, where it prevents excessive production of globin, a protein counterpart of heme. The researchers believe this discovery could lead to new treatments for globin disorders and advancements in heme biology research, particularly in the context of malaria.