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In recent years, passive investment products have become increasingly popular as the first steps for new investors. Passive management has gained significant traction among investment portfolios worldwide. Institutional investors bet on actively traded products or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to gain rapid, liquid, and low-cost exposure to various markets and asset classes. For smaller investors, the simplicity and low fees make these vehicles popular as an alternative to traditional funds.

Passive investment funds have become a widely used approach for new investors to enter diverse, globally diversified portfolios and replicate the performance of major indices. This accessibility facilitates market entry for investors with less experience. The selection of passive funds is continuously expanding, covering global indices, regional markets, fixed-income investments, thematic funds, and sector-specific funds.

For beginners building their investment portfolio, a reduced number of passive funds can be sufficient for a diversified portfolio. The key is to combine complementary investments that ultimately align with the long-term investment goal and risk tolerance of each investor. Among the passive funds suitable for constructing an investment portfolio, the Fidelity MSCI World Index Fund stands out.

This global equity fund replicates the MSCI World index, a diversified portfolio of large-cap stocks from developed markets worldwide. It caters to investors seeking broad, diversified exposure to global equities and long-term growth, acting as a core component of any portfolio.

Recently, Vanguard launched the Vanguard FTSE Global All-Cap ETF, offering even broader diversification. This fund invests in global equities, including emerging markets and companies of all market capitalizations, including small-cap firms. This product represents a more global approach compared to the previous options, currently available only as an ETF.

A more selective approach is to invest in funds that provide exposure to specific regions or sectors. For instance, popular funds that replicate the U.S. stock market include the iShares S&P 500 Index Fund, which mirrors the performance of the index composed of the 500 largest U.S. companies. Similar to European exposure, funds such as the Amundi Core STOXX Europe 600 aim to replicate the returns of an index composed of the 600 largest companies from developed European countries.

Investors should be aware that both the European and U.S. markets have a significant presence in funds that replicate the global market. To diversify within the equity segment, investors can consider emerging market funds, like the Vanguard Emerging Markets Stock Index Fund, which focus on a single country or continent. Single-country or continent funds, such as the Fidelity MSCI Japan Index Fund or the iShares MSCI EM Latin America UCITS ETF, invest exclusively in the Japanese or Latin American markets, respectively.

Additionally, sector-specific funds can be a strategic choice during certain phases of the market cycle, potentially maximizing portfolio returns. For example, the Bankinter EEUU Nasdaq 100 fund offers exposure to a portfolio of the largest U.S. technology companies. Beyond technology, it is increasingly easy to find funds that replicate indices covering any sector or theme of interest, such as healthcare, cybersecurity, pets, or cryptocurrencies.

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of actively managed funds focused solely on the defense sector, like the Invesco Defence Innovation Ucits ETF. Finally, including passive funds in the portfolio can introduce a defensive element and reduce the overall volatility of a purely equity-based portfolio. Options remain diverse, ranging from global bond market funds, like the Vanguard Global Bond Index Fund, which invests in over 13,000 government and corporate bonds across developed and emerging markets, to single-country public debt funds, like the iShares Euro Government Bond Index Fund, which provides exposure to a portfolio of around 1,000 sovereign bonds issued by governments in the eurozone, primarily Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands.