Range expansion of the invasive barnacle Balanus glandula into the Wadden Sea, its habitat and parasite fauna compared to established barnacle species
The impact of invasive species on marine ecosystems is rapidly increasing, where they often outcompete native species in the absence of natural enemies. The parasite release hypothesis states that the success of invasive species relates partly to the loss of natural parasites during introduction and lower susceptibility to native parasites. Barnacles are highly successful invaders due to broad…
Invasive barnacles, particularly Balanus glandula, are causing increasing issues in marine ecosystems, outcompeting native species and potentially benefiting from the loss of natural parasites, according to a new study. This hypothesis, known as parasite release, suggests that invasive species may thrive due to the absence of natural enemies and increased susceptibility to native parasites.
Barnacles show exceptional adaptability and widespread dispersion through shipping, making them successful invaders. However, the role of parasite release in their success remains unclear. To investigate this, researchers examined parasite infection patterns in native and invasive barnacles within the Wadden Sea by conducting surveys across various tidal zones.
They also implemented year-round molecular monitoring of larval stages and conducted a literature review to trace the invasive Pacific barnacle Balanus glandula's distribution in Europe and its recent appearance in the Wadden Sea.
Traditionally, the invasive Austrominius modestus thrived in the high and middle intertidal zones, while native species like Balanus crenatus and Amphibalanus improvisus were more common in lower zones. When comparing infection frequencies, native and invasive barnacles showed differing patterns of parasites, primarily cestodes and trematodes. Notably, native Semibalanus balanoides exhibited the highest prevalence (27%), followed by the invasive A. modestus (11%). Intriguingly, no infections were detected in B. glandula.
The findings align with the parasite release hypothesis, indicating that lower parasite prevalence in invasive barnacles may contribute to their successful invasion. This absence of competent parasites could enable B. glandula to negatively impact native barnacles through competition. The researchers recommend ongoing monitoring of B. glandula to track its distribution, interactions with native species, and parasite acquisition.
This ongoing surveillance will provide valuable insights into the parasite release hypothesis and the broader impact of invasive species on marine ecosystems.
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