Thousands build 108 Buddhist stupas for Bhutan’s ‘mindfulness’ city

In Bhutan's capital, Thimphu, a statue of Buddha overlooks the country from a hill. The Himalayan kingdom, with a population of just under 800,000, is aiming to develop a 'mindfulness' city along a 12km stretch of riverbank near the Indian border. This ambitious project involves the construction of 108 Buddhist stupas, which will stand more than 10 times the height of Egypt's Great Pyramid of Giza. Over 40,000 volunteers, starting work post-midnight, participated in building all 108 structures in a single day.

Bhutan, known for its policy of prioritising Gross National Happiness alongside economic growth, hopes this city will boost its economy and attract investment in sustainable business, green technology, education, tourism, and financial services. The special zone was established by royal charter in 2024 by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, who stated its purpose was to create a vibrant economic hub.

The project, estimated to cost US$21 million, has faced criticism from analysts who question whether Bhutan can attract sufficient investment to realize its vision. However, Indian billionaire Gautam Adani, head of the ports-to-power conglomerate, has joined the project as a founding member. The site will be connected to India's rail network in Assam, and an international airport is slated to open in 2029.

Bhutan is also linking the project to its cryptocurrency ambitions, with the kingdom mining bitcoin using surplus hydropower and planning to use digital assets to support the city's development.

Local resident Bishnu Maya Moktang, who attended the ceremony, expressed excitement about the upcoming mindfulness city. Despite her parents passing young, she feels fortunate to hope she'll live long enough to see the city.