Hunter-gatherer societies are often put on a pedestal as paragons of equality – but the reality is more complicated

Hunter-gatherer societies are often depicted as models of equality, but the reality is far more intricate. The Hadza people of Tanzania and the Tsimane people of Bolivia's Amazon rainforest are two such communities where inequalities persist, despite their reputation for egalitarianism. Even in these societies, individuals can have disparities in power, wealth, and social status.

When a Hadza hunter brings home a kudu kill, a large animal, he cannot carry it alone. He cuts his poisoned arrow, hides the carcass, and returns to his community to share it. The hunting party gathers around, and the meat is distributed among families, with every household receiving some portions. The hunted shares continue after cooking, fostering further equality.

However, there is more to the picture. In our research among the Hadza and Tsimane, we discovered that inequalities are part of these ostensibly equal societies. The equalities that do exist often stem from selfish motives, such as acquiring resources, status, and autonomy. Food-sharing, for instance, is not driven by true equality, but rather by the demands of other families. Similarly, ridicule and mockery of stingy or boastful individuals can also promote equality.

While hunter-gatherer societies are often hailed as egalitarian, the truth is more nuanced. Some communities exhibit substantial inequality, with certain families controlling valuable hunting territories or selling and hoarding ritual knowledge. Gender disparities are also prevalent, with women often performing direct parenting duties and men playing a more prominent role in community decision-making.

Age also contributes to inequality, with older individuals possessing power over ritual secrets and marriage choices in many societies.