IMU-based upper limb kinematics validation: sensor fusion optimisation, sensor-to-segment alignment, and joint angle accuracy.
Conventional clinical assessment of upper limb kinematics relies on goniometry or visual estimation, methods that provide limited information on multi-segment 3D kinematics and can have poor inter-rater reliability. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) represent a viable alternative; however, extracting anatomically meaningful joint angles from skin-mounted sensors remains challenging owing to…
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