From paddle and sail to smart ships: What maritime industry means to the world and why Ghana must turn policy into practice

World Maritime Day highlights the evolution of maritime technology from ancient paddles and sails to modern, low-carbon ships. Early vessels relied on human power, while sailing ships ushered in long-distance trade and connected distant societies. The steam engine revolutionized shipping in the 19th century, enabling reliable travel regardless of weather conditions.

By the early 20th century, diesel engines became the dominant propulsion method, improving fuel efficiency and power. Today, the industry is transitioning towards cleaner fuels, battery systems, and wind-assisted propulsion to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The maritime industry is far more complex than just large ships on the horizon. It encompasses ships, ports, people, laws, finance, engineering, logistics, and various sectors such as fisheries, offshore energy, tourism, and research. Shipping accounts for over 80% of international trade by volume, meaning that everyday necessities like food, fuel, medicine, vehicles, and communication devices rely on maritime transport.

Ships operate under flags of their home countries, adhering to national and international regulations. Flag states are responsible for overseeing vessel safety and technical standards, while Classification Societies verify these standards. Port States inspect visiting ships to ensure compliance with regulations. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes maritime zones and balances the rights and duties of coastal states, flag states, and the international community.

The International Maritime Organization develops global rules for safer, more secure, and environmentally responsible shipping, including safety conventions, pollution prevention protocols, seafarer training requirements, and ship and port security measures. These rules often remain invisible to the average person but play a crucial role in ensuring safe and efficient maritime operations, from ensuring watertight subdivision to providing navigation and distress systems, and regulating crew certification.