Vesicle architecture licenses antigen-specific memory T cell immunity after mucosal immunization with infection-derived vesicles
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) released by infected cells carry microbial antigens together with host immunomodulatory molecules, yet whether their structural integrity governs the durability of protective immunity is unknown. Using Salmonella infection as a model, we show that sEVs isolated from infected macrophages act as potent antigen carriers for intranasal immunization. In BALB/c mice,…
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