Carney made reforms a factor in recognizing Palestine — here’s where they stand

In September 2025, Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney officially recognized the State of Palestine, contingent upon the Palestinian Authority's commitment to significant reforms. Carney's recognition was predicated on the Palestinian Authority's (PA) pledge to reform its governance, as promised by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Canada has also insisted that Hamas, a key Palestinian faction, cannot play a role in the future state.

Despite these conditions, supporters and critics of the move interpreted it as Ottawa imposing conditions on the recognition. The PA has taken steps towards reform, but progress is limited by ongoing violence and Israeli economic policies. The PA has reportedly achieved 30 of 33 promised legal and social-system reforms over an 18-month period. However, the PA faces challenges in funding social services and undertaking more reforms due to Israeli economic policies.

One of the key reforms is the publication of general elections in 2026, where Hamas cannot participate. The PA has also pledged to demilitarize the Palestinian state and ensure Palestinian students are not taught antisemitic messages. However, textbooks and teachers' guides issued by the PA have been criticized for glorifying violence and excluding portrayals of Arabs as peaceful and non-violent.