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F1-U flow control: how a 5G base station's two halves stay in step

In 5G, the gNB is not a single box. Under the 3GPP higher-layer split (TS 38.401), a Central Unit owns the upper radio-protocol layers, and one or more Distributed Units own the real-time lower ones…

  • 5G gNB consists of Central Unit (CU) and Distributed Units (DU)
  • F1-U connects CU and DU, carries GTP-U tunnels for NR User Plane Protocol (NR-U / NRUP)
  • Desired Buffer Size used for flow control, effectively bottomless for low-rate voice bearers

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