Energy performance optimization of BIPV windows in dust-prone semi-arid climates

The paper examines the energy performance of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) windows in dust-prone semi-arid climates. The Smart Health Tower in Sulaymaniyah serves as the case study. Using Rhino, Grasshopper, Ladybug, and PVsyst, the current system and a full-façade baseline were evaluated. The baseline system produced 2,478,305 kWh/year, while the full-façade system generated 3,543,974 kWh/year, representing a 43.0% increase.

Various layers were introduced to enhance the operation of BIPV glazing in dusty and high-irradiance climates. These layers include an optical film layer, an anti-UV/anti-scratch layer, a modular design logic, a thermal-resistant layer, and a hydrophobic coating. The LSC-based concentrating layer demonstrated the greatest projected output, increasing the overall performance by 43.0% compared to the baseline.

The study highlights that BIPV windows have great potential in integrating renewable energy generation into building envelopes. However, their performance in hot dusty conditions is limited by environmental conditions that are not adequately investigated. Dust deposition is the primary barrier in semi-arid areas, as it decreases optical transmittance by reflecting, absorbing, and scattering solar radiation. This results in reduced short-circuit current, maximum power, and overall efficiency.

Additionally, dust can enhance thermal loading by altering the radiative properties of surfaces, increasing localized heat deposition, and reducing electrical conversion efficiency. The research emphasizes that BIPV window technologies have improved in terms of material innovation and integration into the facade. However, dust remains an essential factor affecting the performance of BIPV windows in dust-prone semi-arid environments.

The study concludes that a facade-based approach should be considered in improving the energy efficiency of BIPV windows in such areas.