Antarctic bacteria share 'life‑support' genes to survive extreme conditions

Antarctic soil microbes share genetic material widely, providing a communal survival strategy in the extreme conditions of their environment. Over 98% of the 676 microbe species studied showed evidence of transferring genes with other microbes. This process, called horizontal gene transfer, is crucial for their resilience. Genes related to energy production, particularly those allowing microbes to generate energy from gases like hydrogen and carbon monoxide through a process called aerotrophy, are commonly shared.

Aerotrophy is vital in Antarctica because it helps microbes use scarce resources for survival. Microbes acquire new genes through three methods: scavenging free DNA from dead cells, forming temporary microbial cell bridges, or through viral infections. Once acquired, a gene's usefulness is tested by natural selection, with advantageous genes becoming widespread within a population.

Harmful genetic exchanges are eliminated over time. Beneficial genes, such as those enabling aerotrophy, are maintained through successive generations. These shared genes help Antarctic microbes thrive despite the harsh, nutrient-scarce conditions. The presence of these genes in distantly related microbial species across Antarctica underscores their importance.

As Antarctica experiences rapid environmental changes due to warming, understanding these microbial survival strategies becomes increasingly important. These tiny organisms play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow in Antarctic ecosystems, which are essential for the broader ecosystem's health.