Iran’s hijab crackdown returns as women defy mandatory veiling rules

The debate over mandatory hijab in Iran has resurfaced as hardliners push for stricter enforcement, despite the country's ongoing conflict with the US. During the peak of the conflict, women without headscarves were observed at pro-government events and in state media, indicating a reluctance to enforce the rules amidst more pressing concerns.

However, in recent weeks, conservative clerics and politicians have intensified their calls for a crackdown on "public nudity." State media have reported the closure of cafes, restaurants, and shops accused of not enforcing mandatory dress rules, with businesses facing consequences for violations of hijab rules. Human rights group HRANA documented the shutdown of seven cafes and restaurants in Tehran for allegedly failing to enforce the mandatory hijab on July 19.

The Tehran Prosecutor's Office warned of serious action against alleged "indecency" at cafes, restaurants, and shops selling clothing considered inappropriate. State media have repeatedly urged women to observe the hijab, describing it as a part of Iran's cultural identity. Despite the renewed push, women continue to defy the rules, particularly young women.

High-profile cases include Iranian singer Parastoo Ahmadi and her band members facing 74 lashes and a two-year ban from leaving the country for appearing without a hijab during a livestreamed performance. Women have also been seen in public and on social media without headscarves, with videos of motorcycle riders and a motorcycle event in Isfahan circulating online.

Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian questioned whether stricter laws can change people's behavior, suggesting that authorities should focus on cultural engagement rather than legal enforcement.