Beyond the naked eye: What PM2.5, haze’s invisible threat, means for your health

As Malaysians grapple with a resurgence of haze pollution and declining air quality, the invisible threat of PM2.5 particles is an often-overlooked concern. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines PM2.5 as microscopic fine particles, measuring 2.5 micrometres or less, capable of penetrating deep into the lungs and triggering health issues beyond the respiratory system. These particles are a challenge to the naked eye, meaning exposure can occur without immediate symptoms.

Exposure to PM2.5 can lead to various health issues, ranging from eye and respiratory irritation to severe conditions such as reduced lung function, chest tightness, and bronchitis. Its effects extend beyond just the lungs, as prolonged exposure has been linked to accelerated artery thickening, increased cardiovascular mortality, heightened diabetes risk, and adverse outcomes during pregnancy and infancy. Even healthy individuals may be affected, particularly when exposure levels are consistently high or prolonged.

To safeguard against these invisible particles, the Health Ministry in Malaysia advises limiting outdoor activities, maintaining hydration and a diet rich in fresh produce, and using air purifiers to reduce indoor contaminants. Motorists are encouraged to use air-conditioning systems on recirculation mode to keep indoor air clean.

For prolonged outdoor exposure, wearing an N95 respirator correctly is recommended, as it can filter out at least 95% of particles measuring 0.3 micrometres in diameter. However, smokers are advised to refrain from smoking during haze episodes, as tobacco smoke combined with particulate pollutants can exacerbate respiratory health issues.