Why India's youth protest movement still poses a challenge for Modi

India's youth-led protests, sparked by exam irregularities, have evolved into a broader challenge for Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The protests, largely over jobs and opportunities for young people, have tested Modi's image of unwavering resolve. The protests forced the resignation of the education minister on July 25, a rare climbdown for a prime minister who has long cultivated an image of steadfastness.

In response, authorities attempted to soothe the youth, increasing penalties for exam paper leaks and withdrawing cases against protestors in several cities. The protests also exposed a rapidly changing digital landscape, with protesters using social media, particularly Instagram, to spread their message. Modi, known for his X usage, has started using Instagram as well, issuing his first vertical videos to connect with the youth.

The protests have also highlighted the use of AI-powered camera technology by authorities to monitor and identify demonstrators. The protests revealed how authorities are employing advanced surveillance techniques during such events. Internet shutdowns, common during protests, disrupted communication, forcing young demonstrators to find alternative ways to stay connected.

India ranked second worldwide in internet shutdowns last year, according to Access Now, a monitor tracking such events. While the protests achieved key demands and achieved a significant online following, it remains unclear if this will translate into lasting political influence. The CJP, the protest movement's leading force, plans to organize a nationwide listening tour to hear young Indians' concerns, but remains cautious about becoming a political party.

The protests have left behind a youth movement with millions of followers, but turning this energy into electoral gains remains a challenge.