Demographic drivers of the far eastern leopard population recovery

A decade-long study of the Far Eastern leopard population in Russia's Land of the Leopard National Park has revealed demographic factors driving their recovery. Using advanced statistical models, researchers analyzed camera-trap data to estimate population density, abundance, survival rates, and reproductive parameters. The population density surged from 0.89 to 2.64 individuals per 100 km², with an average annual growth rate of 1.12 (95% CI 1.1–1.15).

High adult survival (0.79–0.91) emerged as the dominant driver, accounting for 62.4% of population growth, while reproductive output contributed only 4.7%. Mean litter size remained steady at 1.5, but decreased significantly over time. Concurrently, leopard home range sizes contracted, suggesting density-dependent processes as the population neared its estimated carrying capacity within the protected area.

The findings highlight the importance of effective protection measures over increased reproductive output for sustaining this critically endangered species. Conservation efforts should focus on expanding the leopard's range and fostering cross-border collaboration to secure the long-term stability of the population.