What is Diwali, the Festival of Lights, and how is it celebrated?

Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is the most significant festival in India, particularly celebrated by Hindus. It is observed by over a billion people across various faiths worldwide. The term Diwali derives from Deepavali, meaning "a row of lights." This festival symbolizes the triumph of light over darkness and knowledge over ignorance. Celebrants illuminate their homes with traditional clay oil lamps to signify these concepts.

Diwali occurs during the Hindu lunar calendar, usually in late October or early November. This year, it falls on November 8. While a central religious event for Hindus, Diwali is also observed by Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists, each with their unique interpretations.

In southern India, Diwali commemorates Lord Krishna's victory over the demon Naraka. North Indians celebrate it as the return of Lord Rama, his wife Sita, and brother Lakshmana after 14 years of exile. Traditions across regions include lighting, fireworks, feasting, wearing new clothes, and prayers.

In southern India, an early morning oil bath is performed for purification. In the north, prayers are directed towards Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. Gambling is a festive tradition believed to bring prosperity. Purchasing gold is also common on Dhanteras, the first day of the festival, as it is thought to attract good fortune.

Firecrackers, sweets, and gifts are exchanged among friends and family. Decorations known as rangoli, featuring geometric and floral patterns made with colored powders, are prevalent.

Jains observe Diwali as the day Lord Mahavira, the last of their great spiritual teachers, achieved nirvana. Sikhs commemorate Bandi Chhor Divas during Diwali, celebrating the release of Guru Hargobind from Mughal emperor Jahangir's prison. Some Buddhists view it as the anniversary of Emperor Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism.

Various U.S. cities celebrated Diwali in 2021, including Disney World's festivities in Florida and Times Square's events in New York. Across North America, community celebrations like Diwali Eve on the Waterfront in Jersey City and Diwali Family Cruise Lights on the Hudson in New York demonstrate the holiday's widespread appeal.