Why tolerating opposition essential to democratic consolidation

Opposition parties play a vital role in preserving the health of democratic systems. They provide alternative perspectives, keep governments accountable, and ensure that public policies remain subject to scrutiny. In a democracy where opposition voices are stifled or marginalized, the system's competitive nature erodes and power becomes concentrated among a select few.

When incumbents leverage state power to gain unfair advantages or suppress dissenting parties, elections may appear free on the surface but lack genuine competitiveness.

Nigeria’s experience since returning to civilian rule in 1999 highlights the significance of opposition politics. Opposition parties have contributed to shaping political discourse and pressuring governments to justify their actions. A notable example is the historic defeat of an incumbent government in 2015, following the emergence of strong opposition coalitions.

Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, the former Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, recently criticized the current administration for its inability to accept criticism and constructive suggestions. He urged the government to differentiate between hostility and constructive criticism, particularly when citizens voice concerns about poverty, inflation, insecurity, and economic hardships.

Political tolerance assumes even greater importance in specific regions. In Sokoto State, tensions escalated between the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) and the opposition African Democratic Congress (ADC) following a significant defection of APC members to the ADC. These defections were driven by economic hardship, insecurity, and dissatisfaction with the ruling party.

Conversely, the APC also gained support as ADC members and allies returned to the ruling party due to perceived development projects and leadership qualities. However, the controversy deepened when the ADC accused the Sokoto State Government of obstructing its political activities, alleging the sealing of the party’s campaign office and intimidation.

The Sokoto State saga exemplifies the delicate balance between incumbents and opposition parties in emerging democracies. Democratic consolidation necessitates resolving political disagreements through lawful institutions rather than through intimidation, exclusion, or the suppression of rival voices. The destruction or restriction of opposition infrastructure further weakens public confidence in electoral fairness and political pluralism.

When opposition parties are able to operate freely, critically assess government policies, and present alternative programmes without fear of intimidation, democratic institutions become stronger, accountability is enhanced, and citizens can make informed choices.