World Bank: Why it costs up to Ksh162,000 to move a container from Mombasa to Nairobi

The World Bank has highlighted how corruption and government collusion are straining Kenya's public finances, estimating the practices add roughly two percentage points to the country's fiscal deficit relative to its GDP. Qimiao Fan, World Bank Division Director for Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia and Uganda, made the remarks during the launch of the 34th iteration of the Kenya Economic Update on November 4, 2026.

Fan emphasized that weak governance was a key constraint hindering Kenya's economic growth and job creation. He explained that corruption and collusion increase the cost of government operations, reducing the resources available for development. The report, focusing on governance challenges to economic expansion and job creation, identifies corruption as a major economic issue with broader implications.

Beyond public finances, Fan noted that weak governance elevates the cost of essential services like electricity and logistics, making it more expensive for businesses and households to function. These costs are estimated to exceed double those in other global regions. He also pointed out that corruption adversely affects businesses, particularly medium-sized firms with potential for expansion and employment generation, with 39% of firms surveyed identifying corruption as a major hurdle.

The warning aligns with Kenya's ongoing struggle with a widening budget deficit, high public debt, and rising interest payments. Fan disclosed that Kenya's fiscal deficit rose to 6.8% of GDP in the previous fiscal year, surpassing the target of 4.7%, primarily due to higher government spending and lower-than-anticipated revenue collection.

Some of the added expenditures were attributed to supplementary budgets, exacerbating pressure on public finances. Public debt stood at about 70% of GDP by mid-2026, with interest payments accounting for about a third of government revenue, leaving less for essential services and development priorities.

Fan warned that while job growth has increased, nearly 84% of Kenyan jobs are informal, characterized by lower wages, inadequate worker protections, and low productivity. The country sees nearly one million young people entering the labor market annually, yet only 120,000 to 150,000 formal-sector jobs are created each year. He stressed the need to focus on managing fiscal pressures and fostering more productive, higher-paying employment opportunities.

Addressing governance weaknesses could yield substantial economic benefits, including higher GDP, more jobs, and reduced public debt. According to the report's projections, moderate governance reforms could boost Kenya's GDP by nearly 9% relative to the current path, while more aggressive reforms could lift it by over 20% compared to a non-reform scenario.

Ambitious reforms could also generate approximately 7.7 million additional and higher-quality jobs and help lower public debt as a share of GDP by 2035. Fan concluded that the benefits of improving governance extend beyond strengthening public institutions, directly influencing economic growth, employment, government finances, and household well-being.