NATS JetStream vs Apache Kafka vs Apache Pulsar: Latency SLAs, Throughput & Multi-Tenancy
NATS JetStream vs Apache Kafka vs Apache Pulsar: Latency SLAs, Throughput & Multi-Tenancy Executive Summary & Decision Matrix All three systems are durable, replayable logs. The differences are in the tax each one charges on every message: JetStream buys low latency with a single Raft-group-per-stream design (low coordination overhead, limited per-stream scale ceiling), Kafka buys throughput and…
NATS JetStream, Apache Kafka, and Apache Pulsar are all durable, replayable logs with different trade-offs. JetStream offers low latency with a single Raft-group-per-stream design but has limited per-stream scale ceiling. Kafka prioritizes throughput and ecosystem strength by using a partition-per-consumer-thread model, which incurs higher costs per partition and lacks native multi-tenancy.
Pulsar focuses on horizontal elasticity and tenancy isolation through a BookKeeper-ledger/broker-compute-split architecture, but this incurs an extra network hop and tail latency. The benchmark environment used in the analysis consisted of three broker nodes with 32 vCPU and 64 GB RAM each, using ext4 storage and BookKeeper on separate bookies.
The client nodes were five c6i.4xlarge instances for producers and consumers. Both NATS JetStream and Apache Kafka use fsync for durability, while Pulsar utilizes BookKeeper's journal for fsyncPerWrite. The OpenMessaging Benchmark was utilized for the evaluation, with a focus on 0.0.1 and custom gRPC-driven wrk2-shaped load.
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