Why are some people better at math than others?

Recent research sheds light on the cognitive skills that may contribute to differences in mathematical ability. Daniel Hajovsky, an associate professor in educational psychology at Texas A&M University, examined the relationship between cognitive abilities and math skills in a study published in the Journal of Intelligence. The findings highlight two key cognitive predictors of math proficiency: comprehension knowledge and fluid reasoning.

Comprehension knowledge encompasses language, vocabulary, and the ability to engage in verbal reasoning. This skill is crucial not only for reading and writing but also for mathematics. For example, the law school admission test requires strong reading comprehension skills, as it involves applying one's existing knowledge and understanding to new information.

Fluid reasoning, on the other hand, is the ability to engage in deductive or inductive reasoning. This skill can be illustrated by a student's ability to learn a new game without prior rules or background knowledge. By determining which information is relevant and which is irrelevant, fluid reasoning enables students to navigate complex mathematical problems.

While cognitive abilities are important for learning and academic success, they are not the sole determinants of mathematical ability. Foundational math skills, such as number sense—the understanding of how numbers are related to each other—are equally important. The researchers found that number sense serves as a strong foundation for later math skills. However, cognitive abilities continue to play a significant role in the development of mathematical abilities, even outside the classroom.

The study utilized a test battery, a set of tests designed to measure cognitive or behavioral abilities. By analyzing 122 distinct test batteries, the researchers were able to examine the relationships between a wide range of cognitive abilities and math skills, including math knowledge, calculation, problem solving, and fluency.

The findings reveal that cognitive abilities are not static but can develop and improve over time through effort and practice. This positive correlation between different cognitive tasks, known as the positive manifold, suggests that mental skills such as visual puzzle manipulation and vocabulary development are interconnected.

To enhance math education and support students' success, early intervention is crucial. Understanding which skills contribute to classroom success can help promote targeted screening approaches and personalized instruction. By analyzing the patterns of errors students make, educators can identify the underlying causes of math challenges, whether they stem from conceptual difficulties like language, reasoning, or efficiency issues.

This targeted approach can lead to more effective interventions and improved math outcomes for all students.