Evolutionary stability of frequency-dependent secondary defense in a soft-bodied insect with and without signals
Secondary defenses can reduce predation risk by altering predator behavior, but their evolution may be constrained when defended prey are indistinguishable from undefended individuals. This is particularly relevant for soft-bodied prey, for which predator attacks are lethal regardless of defense level, such that the benefits of defense are frequency-dependent. We developed two sets of…
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