Optogenetic and sonogenetic pacing of unmodified cardiac tissue upon quick integration with specialized biological actuators
Electrical stimulation for cardiac pacing has been in clinical use for 100 years and it is the current standard. Alternative scalable pacing methods that are contactless, with good spatial precision and can also be cell-selective are of interest for both in vitro and in vivo applications. Cardiac pacing by light or by ultrasound (US) can be achieved using optogenetic transduction of the tissue…
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