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MI5's chief has warned of increasing threats to the UK from Russia, Iran, and artificial intelligence. In an annual speech in London, Sir Ken McCallum stated that state threats have quadrupled in the past decade, with Russia being the primary aggressor and Iran-linked aggression against Jewish sites and military bases rising. He highlighted the growing influence of AI in the cyber-security contest, noting that it is "supercharging" the battle between attackers and defenders.

Sir Ken also expressed concerns about extreme right-wing terrorism and reported that MI5 had caught terrorists attempting to exploit AI, including integrating it with drones. He emphasized that the biggest AI threat lies in extremist groups harnessing the technology for bioweapons. However, he pointed out that counter-terrorism and state threats are now of equal scale, marking a significant shift in recent years.

Russia, according to Sir Ken, is employing hybrid warfare tactics instead of conventional conflict against NATO, attempting to destabilize European countries. The Kremlin is now relying on paying proxies for attempted attacks due to the weakened traditional covert footprint resulting from almost 1,000 expulsions since the invasion.

Sir Ken also addressed Iran's expanding hybrid campaign in the UK, with 50 arrests in the past year linked to Iranian activities, primarily targeting Jewish communities and military sites. The National Security Act has been heavily used to tackle these threats from China, Iran, and Russia. Regarding AI, Sir Ken warned of unknown threats and announced the launch of an AI Threat Assessment Centre to evaluate sources and distinguish between hype and reality.

In April, the terrorism threat level in the UK was raised to severe for the first time in five years, driven by Islamist groups and extreme right-wing terrorism. Sir Ken also mentioned a young radicalized individual who was prevented from carrying out a lethal attack with the help of international partners.