Intra- and interspecific relationships of alpine ungulates reorganise along a wolf recolonisation gradient
Apex predators are recovering across many ecosystems after decades of decline, yet whether their return can restore ecological interactions disrupted by their loss remains poorly understood. Here, we used the ongoing recolonisation of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in the south-eastern Alps as a natural gradient of predator recovery to examine how predation risk and human disturbance shape…
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