Apical-Out Ileal Organoids: A Versatile Platform for Probing Gut-Nanomaterial Interactions
The human ileal epithelium forms a critical interface governing interactions with luminal microorganisms and nanomaterials, yet physiologically relevant in vitro models with accessible apical surfaces remain limited. Here, human apical-out ileoids derived from healthy ileal biopsies are established as a platform that recapitulates the architecture and complexity of the native ileal epithelium.…
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