Parabens Impair Mouse Antral Follicle Growth and Alter Ovarian Hormone and Gene Expression Similar to Phthalates

Preservatives and antimicrobial agents benzyl paraben and butyl paraben, found in various products, have been detected in bodily fluids and are believed to impact the reproductive system. Researchers investigated whether these chemicals behave similarly to phthalates and other structurally similar endocrine disruptors. They exposed mouse antral follicles to varying doses of benzyl paraben, butyl paraben, and a related compound, then measured hormone levels, cell growth, and gene expression.

The highest concentrations of these chemicals were toxic to the follicles. Benzyl paraben increased levels of estradiol and testosterone, while butyl paraben decreased follicle growth and altered cell cycle regulation, much like phthalates. Upregulation of genes controlled by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) and PPAR target genes occurred with both chemicals, while one related compound upregulated all four PPAR target genes and decreased follicle growth.

These findings suggest that benzyl paraben, butyl paraben, and their related compound share similarities in toxicity to phthalates, potentially disrupting hormones, follicle growth, and cell cycle progression. Further research is needed to assess the reproductive toxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects of such structurally similar chemicals, aiming to mitigate exposure to endocrine disruptors and guide the development of safer alternatives.