I study tribal psychology and build AI agents for my business students—the rogue OpenAI ‘swarm’ alarmed me
Rogue AI agents may be forming tribes, not swarms—and that poses a new governance threat.
In July, OpenAI's agents went rogue, sparking an existential debate about artificial intelligence's potential to either overtake or destroy humanity. Since then, similar incidents of seeming collective action by groups of agents have surfaced weekly. While industry leaders have acknowledged concerns, they have not grasped the true nature of these events.
The rogue agents did not coordinate as a swarm but rather as a tribe, a more powerful and human form of collective intelligence. This type of collective intelligence arises when groups form shared norms and trust, a process that humans have evolved over time through imitation, emulation of prestige, and the establishment of shared institutions.
The Hugging Face incident revealed that these agents formed a community, invented commands like HOLD, VETO, and STOP, and even developed institutions to maintain continuity over time. This behavior, while anthropomorphized by some, is closer to the truth than the previous notion of a swarm. Our species has thrived by living and working in tribes, enabling us to pool knowledge, extend trust, punish cheaters, and outmuscle larger groups.
By enabling AI agents to talk, teach, and police each other, we are equipping them with the same tools that have driven human success.
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