Uganda: How Uganda Is Preparing Against the Threat of Arboviral Diseases

Arboviruses, which are spread by mosquitoes and ticks, pose a significant threat in Uganda. Six arboviruses have been linked to outbreaks in the country, including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever, West Nile fever, and onyong nyong. Rapid urbanization, climate change, and population movement are exacerbating the risk, as they create favorable conditions for mosquito breeding.

A recent study found that nearly 10 percent of the population carries antibodies to arboviral infections, with peak activity during the rainy season. The highest infection rates were observed among children aged 5-14 and outdoor workers. Despite extensive research on arboviruses, Uganda's capacity to effectively combat this threat remains weak.

The World Health Organization's assessment of Uganda's preparedness found gaps in diagnostic capacity, vector surveillance, and sustainable financing. Health workers often fail to recognize arboviral illnesses due to a lack of testing capabilities, leading to missed diagnoses. The Strengthening Uganda's Preparedness Against Arboviral Threats (SUPAAT) project aims to address these issues by improving surveillance reporting, screening community members, and providing laboratory testing for non-malaria fever patients.

The project also focuses on strengthening the national policy landscape and developing a national arbovirus policy and action plan. The Uganda National Arboviral Diseases Strategic Plan 2025-2030 outlines specific targets for district reporting, vaccination coverage, lab capacity, health worker training, and One Health coordination.

The immediate steps include a baseline assessment, a costed annual workplan, and a mid-term review in 2027/2028. While the government cannot implement the plan alone, continued support from partners and sustained financing are crucial for turning evidence and surveillance into early action, more resilient health systems, and better protection for communities.