The history of Ceuta and Melilla and why they are Spanish territory

Ceuta and Melilla, though Spanish, are deeply rooted in Spanish identity and are not up for debate, according to Spain's Defense Minister Margarita Robles. These territories have been under Spanish control for centuries, sparking ongoing discussions fueled by Morocco's claims and current migration issues. Despite Rabat's arguments, historical facts, international law, and the United Nations all support Spain's territorial claims.

The story of Ceuta and Melilla dates back to the 15th and 16th centuries, a time when the concept of colonialism as we know it today did not exist. These enclaves were not acquired through colonial conquests but through defensive measures and political unions. Melilla was incorporated into Castile in 1497, and Ceuta became Spanish in 1580 following the dynastic union under Philip II. Even after Portugal regained its independence in 1640, Ceuta remained under Spanish sovereignty, ratified in the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668.

Both cities have maintained Spanish control for between 358 and 529 years without interruption, making them distinct from Morocco's contemporary existence. Morocco, as we know it today, began with the Alaouite dynasty in 1666. Thus, Melilla had been part of the Castilian Crown for over 160 years before Morocco's modern kingdom was established.

While some 19th-century territorial expansions took place during the era of European expansion in Africa and the establishment of the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco (1912-1956), these extensions did not alter the existing sovereignty of Ceuta and Melilla. Their status as national territory was already firmly established centuries before, and they were never managed as temporary colonies.

Legal distinctions further reinforce Spain's position. The original territorial sovereignty predates Moroccan independence, and neither city was ever part of the Protectorate. Despite Morocco's temporary administration of Moroccan territory, Ceuta and Melilla consistently retained their Spanish sovereignty. Today, the United Nations does not consider them colonies or include them in any decolonisation lists.

Major strategic allies like the United States formally recognize these cities as part of Spain's sovereign territory.

In conclusion, historical evidence and international law firmly support Spain's claim over Ceuta and Melilla. Criticisms from Morocco may stem from short-term geopolitical strategies rather than factual or legal scrutiny.