What are statins? And can healthy people use them to prevent heart disease and dementia?

Statins, a class of medications used to lower cholesterol levels, are commonly prescribed to prevent cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Recent studies have explored the potential benefits of statins in healthy individuals to prevent dementia and promote better aging.

Cholesterol-lowering statins function by reducing the liver's production of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. Elevated LDL levels contribute to fatty deposits or plaques in artery walls, potentially leading to atherosclerosis. Should a plaque rupture, it can cause a blood clot that blocks blood flow, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

Although generally well-tolerated, statins may cause minor side effects in some individuals, such as muscle aches or cramps. Despite their risks, statins can be beneficial for certain healthy people who have high cholesterol and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

However, the effectiveness of statins in preventing dementia among healthy individuals remains unclear. A recent Danish study revealed that starting statins within a year of type 2 diabetes diagnosis was associated with a 15% lower relative risk of dementia. Yet, this observational study is prone to several biases, such as confounding and reverse causality, which could have influenced its findings.

Furthermore, another research conducted by Monash University researchers examined the effects of starting statins in over 10,000 older adults. While the study found that statins reduced the risk of major heart attacks or strokes by 30%, it did not extend disability-free survival. The study's randomised controlled design helped mitigate biases, but limitations remain, particularly concerning the study's relatively healthy participant population.

Ultimately, whether to begin statin therapy is a decision that depends on individual risk factors, potential benefits, and possible side effects. Consulting with a healthcare professional is crucial in making an informed decision about statin use for heart disease prevention or cognitive health promotion.