Scientists unlock secrets of ancient Egyptian materials with proteomics

Scientists have recently deciphered the composition of ancient Egyptian materials, including paints, binders, adhesives, and similar artifacts. This accomplishment was achieved through the use of non-destructive techniques, such as mass spectrometry-based proteomics, which allowed researchers to analyze the glues and adhesives in a vast array of Egyptian artifacts without causing any damage to these priceless pieces.

The study, published in the journal Science Advances, revealed a range of expected materials, such as animal collagens and egg proteins. However, some unexpected findings included plant proteins derived from sesame and drumstick tree (moringa) cereals. Historically, the ancient Egyptians were known for their precise and easily recognizable painting style, prompting interest in understanding the specific pigments and painting techniques used in their artwork.

The researchers identified several common pigments employed by the ancient Egyptians, including hematite and realgar for red hues; goethite and orpiment for yellow; Egyptian blue and Egyptian green; carbon-based black; and calcite, gypsum, anhydrite, and huntite for white. These findings provide invaluable insights into the materials and methods used by this ancient civilization, thereby aiding conservation efforts and deepening our understanding of their artistic achievements.