Indonesia, Saudi Arabia boost higher education, scholarship ties
Indonesian and Saudi Arabia officials discussed student and lecturer exchanges, joint degrees and research, and ...
On August 7, leaders from Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan signed the "Joint Defense Agreement," or the "Mecca Agreement," which establishes a new trilateral alliance. This agreement signifies that an armed attack on any one of the three nations will be viewed as an attack on all members. The alliance plans to form a ministerial committee similar to NATO, a secretariat in Saudi Arabia, and joint military exercises, weapon development, and technology introductions.
However, the agreement does not seek to replace existing alliances and will not obligate members to withdraw from other blocs. Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan likened this agreement to Article 5 of the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty, stating it does not target Iran or other countries but aims to ensure the security of its members.
Despite the signing, no direct military intervention from Pakistan or Turkey followed successive Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia, including the recent naval blockade and oil facility assaults. The new alliance modeled after NATO is not the first attempt at an "Islamic NATO," with prior efforts failing due to rivalries or shifting political contexts.
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