The Mecca pact is for joint defence. Against whom?

The Mecca pact, a joint defense agreement signed by Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, aims to protect each other against armed attacks. However, the agreement's scope remains unclear, and the potential threats are not explicitly defined. The three possible threats are the Houthis, Iran, and Israel. While the Houthis' attacks on Red Sea shipping do not directly threaten Turkey or Pakistan, Turkey is more concerned about Israel's presence in Syria.

Pakistan views India and Afghanistan as threats. The agreement doesn't seem to extend beyond West Asia, and there are doubts about whether it creates an Islamic NATO. The threat perception differs within the Mecca Agreement, with Turkey concerned about Israel and Pakistan focused on India and Afghanistan. The pact does not explicitly address conflicts outside West Asia, leaving open questions about its applicability in various scenarios.