What is the Arabian Shield and why is Saudi Arabia keen to dig in?

Saudi Arabia is investing in its mineral resources, believing they could be a major economic opportunity beyond its oil reserves. The kingdom estimates it has $2.5 trillion worth of mineral resources, and it is focusing on developing these resources through the Arabian Shield, an ancient rock formation covering much of western Saudi Arabia.

The Arabian Shield is made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks formed during the Precambrian period, and it is believed to contain various minerals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, chromium, nickel, tantalum, niobium, and rare earths. Saudi Aramco and Maaden, a state-owned mining company, have signed a joint venture to explore the Transition Zone, which could provide new exports and support Saudi Arabia's manufacturing, renewable energy, and technology sectors.

Copper, in particular, is seen as valuable for Saudi Arabia's energy transition away from oil. By developing its mining sector, Saudi Arabia aims to reduce dependence on foreign supply chains, support renewable energy projects, and provide economic influence abroad.