Extreme drought is changing Britain’s wildlife – some effects won’t be seen until next year

This summer, extreme heat and drought have taken their toll on Britain's wildlife, with consequences that may not be immediately apparent. While some species have evolved to adapt to such harsh conditions, the United Kingdom's historical climate has not provided enough pressure for such adaptations. Consequently, plants, animals, and insects are experiencing difficulties.

For plants, the effects are relatively easy to observe. Parched lawns and wilting trees are common sights, but these plants can recover once the rain returns. Mosses and liverworts are more resilient, entering a dormant state when dry. However, the long-term impact on these species could be significant, particularly for those that play a crucial role in water retention, such as bogs.

The most significant impact will be on animals that rely on wet habitats. Invertebrates, in particular, require these environments to complete their life cycles. A temporary loss of water can be detrimental to their survival. For tree species, a continuous water supply is essential for their growth and health. When water is scarce, leaves begin to die, and branches may be lost.

Fish and aquatic invertebrates face a different challenge. Warm water holds less oxygen than cold water, and low-oxygen water places these species under considerable stress. During the hottest days of the summer, many small fish were observed gathering around aquatic plants in local canals, seeking areas with higher oxygen levels.

Birds and mammals also require more water in hot weather, relying on evaporative cooling to regulate their body temperature. Heat-stressed animals, such as blackbirds with beaks open, can often be seen in gardens seeking shade to cool down.

The hotter weather tends to favor aerial insects, as cooler or wetter conditions limit their ability to fly, feed, and mate. While the number of butterflies in the air may appear positive, this does not necessarily mean they are thriving. Butterflies depend on specific plant species at different stages of their lives. If the host plant is struggling due to a lack of water, the caterpillars will have limited food sources.

The effects of this disrupted food chain may not be visible until the following year when fewer adult butterflies emerge, potentially leading to reduced populations.

The knock-on effect of these changes may impact higher trophic levels as well. Fewer butterflies and caterpillars mean less food for songbirds, spiders, or frogs, illustrating the interconnectedness of the ecosystem.

Despite the challenges, there are simple steps individuals can take to support wildlife during these trying times. Providing a shallow water trough for birds to drink and bathe can make a significant difference. Additionally, leaving some lawn plants to grow naturally and develop shade can benefit various forms of wildlife, making gardens more comfortable for humans as well.