Absencen: Epilepsie und Sport: Was ist möglich - und was riskant?

Jamal Musiala, a prominent footballer for FC Bayern Munich, recently discussed his recent "absencen" episodes, attributed to a "neurological dysfunction." Experts suggest these absences may be a form of epileptic seizures. This case has drawn attention to a broader issue affecting those with epilepsy: what activities are possible for them in recreational sports, and what risks are involved?

In general, epilepsy does not automatically rule out participation in sports. Regular exercise can even improve fitness, coordination, mental well-being, and overall quality of life for those with epilepsy. However, the suitability of a sport depends on personal preferences, individual circumstances, and specific conditions such as seizure frequency, self-awareness of seizures, medications, and the risks associated with the chosen sport.

The Michael Foundation, a non-profit organization, provides a brochure outlining guidelines for sports activities involving epilepsy. The brochure includes a table showing, for over 60 sports, conditions and prerequisites under which people with epilepsy can engage in various physical activities with varying levels of risk.

Special caution is advised for swimming, particularly for those not seizure-free. In such cases, swimming should only be done under strict supervision, either in a group or one-on-one with a qualified companion. A flotation device can offer additional safety but cannot reliably prevent drowning and should only be used under supervision.

It is crucial to discuss the impact of new sports activities, returning to sports after a break, or frequent seizures with a treating physician. While participating in sports, individuals should also be mindful of factors that can trigger epileptic seizures and avoid them. These factors include hypoglycemia, overheating, dehydration, visual stimulation, and other sport-specific risks.

In case of an absence seizure during sports, no specific emergency measures are typically required, as the seizure often ends before others notice. However, it is essential to check for injuries and inform the person about the incident afterward. For more significant seizures involving loss of consciousness and convulsions, one should clear the area of hazardous objects, measure the seizure duration, and ensure the individual is not restrained.

Once stable, they can be placed in the stable side-lying position with a soft head cushion. Emergency services (112) should be contacted if convulsions persist for more than five minutes, last longer than usual, result in severe injuries, involve water or inhaled vomit, or if another seizure occurs shortly after the first. If engaging in group sports, individuals can prepare a personal emergency plan outlining recognizable seizure symptoms, the need for assistance post-seizure, and any required post-event rest or support.