When gut microbes run low on fiber, they may start eating you
Gut microbes need something to eat, and when fiber is limited, they may begin consuming proteins from the mucus lining that protects the gut. Researchers found that fiber can suppress this process, while indigestible plant proteins help microbes produce more beneficial compounds.
Two recent studies led by researchers at Princeton's Ludwig Center and Columbia University reveal intriguing new insights into how gut microbes process plant-based foods. The research could have significant implications for developing dietary therapies to improve human health.
In one study, scientists found that certain plant proteins, referred to as "proteins imitating fiber" or Prif, play a crucial role in shifting the balance of phenol metabolites produced by gut bacteria. Prif, when consumed, enhances the production of beneficial phenol metabolites while reducing harmful ones. This shift is mediated by fiber and indigestible plant proteins working together to alter the composition of the gut microbiome and host metabolism.
Interestingly, the researchers discovered that harmful phenol metabolites are produced when gut bacteria break down proteins from the host, including those found in the mucus lining of the gut. In contrast, beneficial phenol metabolites are almost exclusively generated from indigestible plant proteins in the diet. Interestingly, consuming fiber actually reduced bacterial breakdown of the gut's mucus lining, further lowering production of harmful phenols.
The second study focused on indole metabolites, which are produced from the amino acid tryptophan. The researchers found that mammalian metabolism can produce many indole and phenol metabolites on its own, without relying on gut bacteria. This was especially evident during periods of antibiotic treatment, when microbial populations were disrupted. Even in cancer patients taking antibiotics, metabolites made exclusively by microbes declined significantly.
These findings challenge long-held assumptions that phenol and indole metabolites are solely produced by gut bacteria. The research suggests that manipulating the human microbiome through diet may offer promising therapeutic avenues for metabolic health. The studies highlight the importance of dietary fiber and indigestible plant proteins in shaping the composition of the gut microbiome and influencing metabolic health.
As the researchers note, food packaging may eventually list Prif alongside fiber as an important dietary nutrient.
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