{
  "id": 9235403,
  "title": "Dual Immunoliposome Targeting of PD-L1 and CSF1R affects T-Cell readouts in tumor-conditioned co-cultures: An In Vitro Study in Glioblastoma and Medulloblastoma",
  "url": "https://urgent.news/2026/09/22/dual-immunoliposome-targeting-of-pd-l1-and-csf1r-affects-t-cell",
  "topic": "health",
  "section": "Health & Medicine",
  "published": "2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z",
  "source": {
    "name": "bioRxiv",
    "slug": "biorxiv",
    "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.16.751417v1?rss=1"
  },
  "original_language": "en",
  "account": "Glioblastoma and medulloblastoma are brain tumors that create an environment hostile to the immune system. Within this hostile environment, a type of immune cell called macrophages, called tumor-associated macrophages or TAMs, can weaken the power of T-cells, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections. One of the ways TAMs do this is by making two proteins, PD-L1 and CSF1R, that work together to suppress the activity of T-cells.\n\nResearchers have tried to fix this problem by creating single medicines that target either PD-L1 or CSF1R. However, these single-target treatments have not been very successful in treating brain tumors. This is likely because the TAMs and the suppression they cause are part of a complex network of interactions involving both the tumor and the immune system.\n\nTo tackle this problem, researchers made a new approach by combining two immunoliposomes. These are tiny spheres that carry antibodies against PD-L1 and CSF1R. By attaching both antibodies to one immunoliposome, the researchers hoped that the combined attack on the TAMs would be more effective.\n\nThe researchers tested their new approach by creating two types of TAMs. One type was made from immune cells called THP-1 monocytes, which were \"trained\" with tumor-conditioned medium from glioblastoma cells (A172 and U87MG). The other type of TAMs was made from cells trained with medium from medulloblastoma cells (DAOY and ONS-76). The researchers then put these TAMs into a dish with activated Jurkat T cells, which are immune cells that can multiply and fight infection when healthy.\n\nWhen the researchers added the dual immunoliposomes to the dish with the T-cells and the tumor-conditioned medium, they saw some promising results. The T-cells not only multiplied more than they would have with a single-target treatment, but they also showed signs of being healthier. They were less likely to die and more likely to move towards the tumor cells, which could help them fight the tumor more effectively.\n\nHowever, the researchers found that the dual immunoliposomes worked better in the glioblastoma model than in the medulloblastoma model. This suggests that the TAMs and the tumor environment in these two types of brain tumors are different, and may respond differently to the same treatment.\n\nOverall, the researchers believe that their dual immunoliposome approach could be a promising strategy for treating brain tumors. By targeting both PD-L1 and CSF1R at once, they hope to reprogram the TAMs and restore the power of the T-cells. However, they stress that more research is needed to confirm these findings in human cells and in living animals.",
  "summary": "Glioblastoma and medulloblastoma are characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, in which tumor-associated macrophages may impair T-cell function, in part through the expression of PD-L1 and CSF1R. Single-target therapies have shown inconsistent results in brain tumors, likely due to the complex interplay involving tumor-associated macrophages and immunosuppression. We developed…",
  "key_points": [],
  "editors_take": null,
  "illustration": null,
  "coverage": {
    "outlets": 1,
    "also_reported_by": []
  },
  "ai_generated": true,
  "disclaimer": "Summaries, key points and the editor’s take are written by software from other outlets’ reporting and may contain errors — always check the linked original."
}